64 Biomarkers

Biomarker Library

Every marker we test, explained in plain language. Understand what your results mean and why each biomarker matters for your health.

Total Testosterone

ng/dL

testosterone

The primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle mass, bone density, and sex drive.

Why it matters

Low total T is linked to fatigue, low libido, depression, and loss of muscle mass. Optimal levels are 500-900 ng/dL.

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Free Testosterone

pg/mL

testosterone

The portion of testosterone not bound to proteins — biologically active and available for your body to use.

Why it matters

Even with normal total T, low free T means your body can't utilize enough testosterone for optimal function.

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SHBG

nmol/L

testosterone

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin — a protein that binds testosterone, making it unavailable for use.

Why it matters

High SHBG reduces free testosterone. Low SHBG can indicate insulin resistance or liver issues.

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Estradiol (E2)

pg/mL

testosterone

The primary estrogen in men, produced from testosterone via aromatase enzyme conversion.

Why it matters

Too high causes gynecomastia and water retention. Too low impairs bone density and libido.

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DHEA-S

mcg/dL

testosterone

A precursor hormone produced by the adrenal glands that converts into testosterone and estrogen.

Why it matters

Declines with age. Low levels correlate with fatigue, weakened immunity, and accelerated aging.

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LH

mIU/mL

testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone — signals the testes to produce testosterone.

Why it matters

Helps differentiate primary (testicular) vs secondary (pituitary) causes of low testosterone.

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FSH

mIU/mL

testosterone

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone — regulates sperm production and testicular function.

Why it matters

Elevated FSH with low T suggests testicular failure. Important for fertility assessment.

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Prolactin

ng/mL

testosterone

A pituitary hormone that, when elevated in men, can suppress testosterone production.

Why it matters

High prolactin can cause low libido, erectile dysfunction, and in rare cases indicates a pituitary tumor.

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TSH

mIU/L

thyroid

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone — the primary screening marker for thyroid function.

Why it matters

High TSH suggests hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain). Low TSH suggests hyperthyroidism.

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Free T4

ng/dL

thyroid

The unbound, active form of thyroxine — the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland.

Why it matters

Low free T4 with high TSH confirms hypothyroidism. Essential for metabolism regulation.

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Free T3

pg/mL

thyroid

The most active thyroid hormone. Converted from T4 in peripheral tissues.

Why it matters

Some people have poor T4-to-T3 conversion. Low free T3 causes fatigue despite normal TSH.

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TPO Antibodies

IU/mL

thyroid

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies — markers of autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's).

Why it matters

Elevated TPO antibodies predict future thyroid failure, even when TSH is still normal.

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HbA1c

metabolic

Glycated hemoglobin — reflects your average blood sugar over the past 2-3 months.

Why it matters

The gold standard for diabetes screening. Levels above 5.7% indicate prediabetes.

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Fasting Glucose

mg/dL

metabolic

Blood sugar level after an overnight fast. A snapshot of your glucose regulation.

Why it matters

Fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL suggests insulin resistance. Above 126 indicates diabetes.

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Fasting Insulin

uIU/mL

metabolic

Measures how much insulin your pancreas produces to manage blood sugar.

Why it matters

High fasting insulin is an early warning of insulin resistance — often years before glucose rises.

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Cortisol

mcg/dL

metabolic

The primary stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and low blood sugar.

Why it matters

Chronically elevated cortisol breaks down muscle, increases belly fat, and suppresses testosterone.

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Total Cholesterol

mg/dL

cardiovascular

The total amount of cholesterol in your blood, including LDL, HDL, and VLDL.

Why it matters

A starting point for cardiovascular risk assessment, though individual components matter more.

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LDL Cholesterol

mg/dL

cardiovascular

Low-density lipoprotein — often called "bad" cholesterol. Carries cholesterol to artery walls.

Why it matters

Elevated LDL is the primary driver of atherosclerosis and heart disease risk.

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HDL Cholesterol

mg/dL

cardiovascular

High-density lipoprotein — "good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries.

Why it matters

Higher HDL is protective. Levels below 40 mg/dL significantly increase cardiovascular risk.

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ApoB

mg/dL

cardiovascular

Apolipoprotein B — a protein found on every atherogenic lipoprotein particle.

Why it matters

ApoB is a better predictor of heart disease than LDL alone. It counts the actual number of harmful particles.

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hsCRP

mg/L

inflammation

High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein — a marker of systemic inflammation.

Why it matters

Elevated hsCRP doubles cardiovascular risk independent of cholesterol. Also tracks chronic inflammation.

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Vitamin D (25-OH)

ng/mL

vitamins

The storage form of vitamin D, reflecting your overall vitamin D status.

Why it matters

Deficiency is linked to low testosterone, depression, weak bones, and impaired immunity. Optimal is 40-60 ng/mL.

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Vitamin B12

pg/mL

vitamins

Essential for nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis.

Why it matters

Deficiency causes fatigue, brain fog, numbness, and anemia. Common in men over 50.

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Ferritin

ng/mL

vitamins

A protein that stores iron. The most sensitive marker for iron deficiency.

Why it matters

Low ferritin causes fatigue and poor exercise performance. High ferritin can indicate iron overload.

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Magnesium

mg/dL

vitamins

An essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body.

Why it matters

Deficiency impairs sleep, muscle recovery, testosterone production, and insulin sensitivity.

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Zinc

mcg/dL

vitamins

A trace mineral critical for testosterone production, immune function, and wound healing.

Why it matters

Zinc deficiency directly suppresses testosterone and impairs immune response.

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ALT

U/L

liver & kidney

Alanine Aminotransferase — a liver enzyme that rises when liver cells are damaged.

Why it matters

Elevated ALT can indicate fatty liver disease, medication toxicity, or alcohol-related damage.

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AST

U/L

liver & kidney

Aspartate Aminotransferase — found in the liver and muscles. Rises with tissue damage.

Why it matters

Elevated AST alongside ALT points to liver issues. Elevated alone may indicate muscle damage.

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GGT

U/L

liver & kidney

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase — a sensitive marker for liver stress and bile duct problems.

Why it matters

GGT rises early in liver stress. Also an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease.

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Creatinine

mg/dL

liver & kidney

A waste product from muscle metabolism, filtered by the kidneys.

Why it matters

Elevated creatinine suggests impaired kidney function. Important to monitor if taking supplements like creatine.

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BUN

mg/dL

liver & kidney

Blood Urea Nitrogen — a measure of protein metabolism and kidney function.

Why it matters

High BUN can indicate dehydration, high protein intake, or kidney problems.

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eGFR

mL/min

liver & kidney

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate — the best overall measure of kidney function.

Why it matters

Values below 60 indicate chronic kidney disease. A critical marker often missed in basic panels.

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Homocysteine

umol/L

inflammation

An amino acid linked to cardiovascular disease and B-vitamin metabolism.

Why it matters

Elevated homocysteine damages blood vessels and is often correctable with B6, B12, and folate.

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Uric Acid

mg/dL

inflammation

A byproduct of purine metabolism. Elevated levels cause gout and kidney stones.

Why it matters

High uric acid is also an independent risk factor for hypertension and metabolic syndrome.

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Sodium

mmol/L

metabolic

An electrolyte that regulates fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions.

Why it matters

Abnormal sodium levels affect blood pressure, hydration, and neurological function.

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Potassium

mmol/L

metabolic

A critical electrolyte for heart rhythm, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

Why it matters

Both high and low potassium can cause dangerous heart arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

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Chloride

mmol/L

metabolic

An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance and acid-base equilibrium.

Why it matters

Abnormal chloride often accompanies sodium imbalances and can indicate dehydration or kidney issues.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

mmol/L

metabolic

Measures bicarbonate in the blood, reflecting your body's acid-base balance.

Why it matters

Abnormal CO2 levels can indicate kidney disease, lung problems, or metabolic disorders.

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Calcium

mg/dL

metabolic

Essential for bone health, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting.

Why it matters

Abnormal calcium may indicate parathyroid disorders, vitamin D deficiency, or kidney disease.

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Total Protein

g/dL

metabolic

The total amount of albumin and globulin proteins in your blood.

Why it matters

Abnormal levels can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, nutritional deficiency, or immune disorders.

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Globulin

g/dL

metabolic

A group of proteins in the blood that includes antibodies and enzymes essential for immune function.

Why it matters

Abnormal globulin levels can indicate chronic inflammation, immune disorders, liver disease, or kidney problems.

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Albumin

g/dL

metabolic

The most abundant protein in blood, produced by the liver. Maintains fluid balance and transports hormones.

Why it matters

Low albumin can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or malnutrition. Also affects free testosterone levels.

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Bilirubin

mg/dL

liver & kidney

A yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down, processed by the liver.

Why it matters

Elevated bilirubin can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or increased red blood cell destruction.

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Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

U/L

liver & kidney

An enzyme found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system.

Why it matters

Elevated ALP can indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or bone disorders.

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Total T4 (Thyroxine)

mcg/dL

thyroid

The total amount of thyroxine in the blood, including both bound and free forms.

Why it matters

Helps assess overall thyroid hormone production. Used alongside TSH for a complete thyroid picture.

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T3 Uptake

thyroid

An indirect measure of thyroid binding proteins in the blood.

Why it matters

Helps interpret total T4 results by accounting for binding protein levels. Used to calculate Free T4 Index.

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Free T4 Index

index

thyroid

A calculated value (Total T4 × T3 Uptake) that estimates the amount of free, active thyroxine.

Why it matters

Provides a reliable estimate of free thyroid hormone when direct free T4 measurement is not available.

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Triglycerides

mg/dL

cardiovascular

A type of fat in the blood. Your body converts excess calories into triglycerides for energy storage.

Why it matters

High triglycerides increase cardiovascular risk and are closely linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

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VLDL Cholesterol

mg/dL

cardiovascular

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein — carries triglycerides from the liver to tissues throughout the body.

Why it matters

Elevated VLDL contributes to plaque buildup in arteries and reflects high triglyceride levels.

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White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

K/uL

blood & count

The total number of white blood cells — your body's primary defense against infection.

Why it matters

High WBC may indicate infection, inflammation, or stress. Low WBC can signal immune deficiency.

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Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)

M/uL

blood & count

The number of red blood cells carrying oxygen from your lungs to every tissue in your body.

Why it matters

Low RBC indicates anemia. High RBC can occur with testosterone therapy or dehydration.

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Hemoglobin

g/dL

blood & count

The oxygen-carrying protein inside red blood cells.

Why it matters

Low hemoglobin means anemia and fatigue. Testosterone therapy can raise hemoglobin — monitoring is essential.

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Hematocrit

blood & count

The percentage of your blood volume made up of red blood cells.

Why it matters

High hematocrit thickens blood and increases clot risk. Critical to monitor on TRT. Low values indicate anemia.

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MCV

blood & count

Mean Corpuscular Volume — the average size of your red blood cells.

Why it matters

Small red cells suggest iron deficiency. Large red cells suggest B12 or folate deficiency.

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MCH

blood & count

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin — the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell.

Why it matters

Helps classify the type of anemia when red blood cell counts are abnormal.

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MCHC

g/dL

blood & count

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration — the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Why it matters

Low MCHC confirms iron deficiency anemia. High MCHC can indicate spherocytosis.

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RDW

blood & count

Red Cell Distribution Width — measures variation in red blood cell size.

Why it matters

Elevated RDW is an early indicator of nutritional deficiencies and is linked to cardiovascular mortality risk.

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Platelet Count

K/uL

blood & count

The number of platelets in your blood — essential for blood clotting and wound healing.

Why it matters

Low platelets increase bleeding risk. High platelets can indicate inflammation or bone marrow disorders.

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Neutrophils

blood & count

The most abundant white blood cell type — your first line of defense against bacterial infections.

Why it matters

High neutrophils suggest bacterial infection or acute stress. Low levels increase infection susceptibility.

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Lymphocytes

blood & count

White blood cells responsible for adaptive immunity — includes T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

Why it matters

Elevated in viral infections. Low lymphocytes can indicate immune suppression or chronic stress.

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Monocytes

blood & count

White blood cells that engulf pathogens and dead cells. Mature into macrophages in tissues.

Why it matters

Elevated monocytes can indicate chronic inflammation, infection, or autoimmune conditions.

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Eosinophils

blood & count

White blood cells involved in allergic responses and fighting parasitic infections.

Why it matters

Elevated eosinophils suggest allergies, asthma, or parasitic infection.

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Basophils

blood & count

The rarest white blood cell type, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

Why it matters

Elevated basophils can indicate allergic reactions, chronic inflammation, or certain blood disorders.

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MPV

blood & count

Mean Platelet Volume — the average size of your platelets.

Why it matters

Large platelets are more reactive and may indicate increased clotting risk or bone marrow stimulation.

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