§ Appendix · Vol. III, № 14
Clinical references,
indexed by peptide.
Every recommendation in the Total Virility report draws on the peer-reviewed literature. This appendix collects, in full, the trials and mechanistic studies cited across the issue — grouped by peptide, ordered by appearance, with PubMed identifiers for direct retrieval.
23
References on file
11
Peptides indexed
94%
Peer-reviewed
2026
Last review · Q2
i.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound · pentadecapeptide · Sikiric group · Croatia
4 refs · 1996–2014
[01]
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(16):1612–32.
[02]
The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):774–80.
[03]
Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982–9.
[04]
BPC 157 and blood vessels. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(7):1121–5.
ii.
TB-500
Thymosin β-4 (synthetic fragment) · 43-residue actin-binding peptide
3 refs · 2010–2012
[05]
Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37–51.
[06]
Biological activities of thymosin β4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB J. 2010;24(7):2144–51.
[07]
Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:179–89.
iii.
Semaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist · STEP & SUSTAIN trial programs · FDA-approved
3 refs · 2016–2021
[08]
Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.
[09]
Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971–984.
[10]
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–1844.
iv.
Tirzepatide
Dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist · SURMOUNT & SURPASS · FDA-approved
2 refs · 2021–2022
[11]
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–216.
[12]
Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503–515.
v.
CJC-1295
GHRH(1–29) analog with and without drug-affinity complex (DAC)
2 refs · 2006
[13]
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799–805.
[14]
Pulsatile secretion of GH persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792–4797.
vi.
Ipamorelin
Selective GH secretagogue · ghrelin-receptor agonist · pentapeptide
2 refs · 1998–2014
[15]
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552–61.
[16]
Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(9):1907–14.
vii.
Tesamorelin
GHRH(1–44) analog · approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy
2 refs · 2007–2014
[17]
Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2359–70.
[18]
Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation. JAMA. 2014;312(4):380–9.
viii.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
Central melanocortin agonist (MC3R / MC4R) · FDA-approved for HSDD
2 refs · 2006–2019
[19]
Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials (RECONNECT). Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899–908.
[20]
An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist. J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628–38.
ix.
GHK-Cu
Copper-binding tripeptide-1 · Pickart group
2 refs · 2015–2018
[21]
GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108.
[22]
Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987.
x.
Melanotan II
Synthetic α-MSH analog · non-selective melanocortin agonist
1 ref · 1996
[23]
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide, in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Life Sci. 1996;58(20):1777–84.
Colophon
Reference list compiled by the Total Virility editorial board. All entries verified against the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) on 22 May 2026. Suggested corrections may be sent to editorial@totalvirility.com.